tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13770943907775499352024-03-13T04:03:25.402-07:00''KALOKOHANG MAY KABULUHAN''Donna Florencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03866242092252888875noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377094390777549935.post-67161649787147587222009-06-15T05:44:00.001-07:002009-06-15T18:54:33.637-07:00HERODOTUS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF32HmwiqSbF-TuWc7DSdjuoil60TiVYyUNBNNYNyttAOEvbLuHBDDR_wyEnuuKusCxk78xrT_k-jYPpc_nRMk0o3WD93TQ0QfmrClVBYweGiGZ06P_DXN7EAtcysTX5nafkIJXDvcPh6P/s1600-h/220px-AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 314px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF32HmwiqSbF-TuWc7DSdjuoil60TiVYyUNBNNYNyttAOEvbLuHBDDR_wyEnuuKusCxk78xrT_k-jYPpc_nRMk0o3WD93TQ0QfmrClVBYweGiGZ06P_DXN7EAtcysTX5nafkIJXDvcPh6P/s320/220px-AGMA_H%C3%A9rodote.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347534485915777314" border="0" /></a><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width: 22em; text-align: left;font-size:90%;" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><th style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Kapanganakan</span></th> <td style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">tinatayang 484 BC<br />Halicarnassus, Asya Menor</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Kamatayan</span></th> <td style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">tinatayang 425 BC<br />Thurii, Magna Græcia<br /></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Hanapbuhay</span></th> <td style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Mananalaysay</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >Si </span><b style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Herodotus ng Halicarnassus</b><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > (Ἡρόδοτος Ἁλικαρνᾱσσεύς o </span><i style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús</i><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > sa Sinaunang Griyego) ay isang </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananalaysay" title="Mananalaysay" class="mw-redirect">mananalaysay</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > na </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griyego" title="Griyego">Griyego</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > na namuhay noong ika-5 dantaong BC at itinuring ni </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > bilang "Ama ng Kasaysayan."</span><sup style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" id="cite_ref-Mnsu_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Mnsu-0" title="">[1]</a></sup><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > Siya rin ang itinuturing bilang "Unang Mananalaysay ng Mundo." Kinikilala si Herodotus bilang manunulat ng </span><i style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">The Histories</i><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >, kung saan inilahad niya ang paglawak ng </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Persyano" title="Imperyong Persyano" class="mw-redirect">Imperyong Persyano</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > sa ilalim nina </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_na_Dakila" title="Cyrus na Dakila" class="mw-redirect">Cyrus na Dakila</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >, </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambyses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambyses (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cambyses</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >, at </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darius_na_Dakila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darius na Dakila (hindi pa naisusulat)">Darius na Dakila</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >, at maging ang pananalakay ni </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xerxes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerxes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Xerxes</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > noong 480 BC na nagtapos sa mga digmaan sa </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salamis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Salamis</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >, </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plataea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plataea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Plataea</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >, at </span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycale (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mycale</a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >.</span><sup style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" > Inilarawan rin dito ang pagtutunggali ng mga Persyano at mga Griyego noon panahong iyon.</span><sup style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);" id="cite_ref-Mnsu_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Mnsu-0" title="">[1]</a></sup><br /><br /><br /><h2 style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: normal;font-family:verdana;" ><span class="mw-headline" style="font-size:100%;">Talambuhay</span></h2><span style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Hango sa kanyang librong <i>The Histories</i> ("Ang Mga Kasaysayan") ang karamihan sa mga detalye sa buhay ni Herodotus. Ayon sa akda, ipinanganak si Herodotus sa bayan ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halicarnassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halicarnassus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Halicarnassus</a> (na ngayon ay bayan ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodrum (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bodrum</a> sa bansang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Noong panahong iyon, nasa ilalim ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persya" title="Persya" class="mw-redirect">Persya</a> ang kanilang bayan, sa pamumuno ni <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reyna_Artemisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reyna Artemisia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Reyna Artemisia</a>. Isinilang si Herodotus mula kina Lyxes (<a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama" title="Ama">ama</a>) at Rhaeo (o Dryo, <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina" title="Ina">ina</a>). May isa siyang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapatid" title="Kapatid">kapatid</a> na lalakeng nagngangalang Theodore.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Ancient-2" title="">[3]</a></sup> Ayon sa mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananaliksik" title="Mananaliksik" class="mw-redirect">mananaliksik</a>, maaaring nagmula sa isang may-kaya na pamilya si Herodotus dahil sa kanyang angking talino sa <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsusulat" title="Pagsusulat">pagsusulat</a>, na kinakailangang magbayad ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guro (hindi pa naisusulat)">guro</a> noong mga panahong iyon.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-2" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Nangyari ang ilan sa mga digmaang isinalaysay niya noong bata pa siya, gaya ng dalawang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digmaang_Persyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaang Persyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaang Persyano</a> kung saan kinailangan niyang sumangguni sa mga nakatatanda upang makalikom ng mga kaganapan noong mga panahong iyon.<sup id="cite_ref-Mnsu_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Mnsu-0" title="">[1]</a></sup><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Samos</a> at bayan ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens" class="mw-redirect">Athens</a>. Sinasabi ng ilang mga iskolar ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria" class="mw-redirect">Alexandria</a>, ilang dantaon matapos ang kamatayan ni Herodotus, na nilisan niya ang Halicarnassus matapos mabigo sa isang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kudeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudeta (hindi pa naisusulat)">kudeta</a> o dahil sa kanyang dismaya sa <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diktaturya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diktaturya (hindi pa naisusulat)">diktaturya</a> ni <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygdamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lygdamis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lygdamis</a>, na sinasabing nagpapatay sa kanyang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyo" title="Tiyo">tiyo</a> (o <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsan" title="Pinsan">pinsan</a>) na si <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panyasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyasis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Panyasis</a>, isang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manunula" title="Manunula" class="mw-redirect">manunula</a> ng mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiko" title="Epiko">epiko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-3" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Hindi nakasaad kung bakit niya nilisan ang kanyang bayan, ngunit nagtagal siya ng ilang taon sa isla ng </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Maaari rin daw sabihin na naging isang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundalo (hindi pa naisusulat)">sundalo</a> (o <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoplite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoplite (hindi pa naisusulat)">hoplite</a>) rin siya kung pagbabasehan ang kanyang estilo sa paglalarawan ng mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan" title="Digmaan">digmaan</a>. Nakasaad din sa <i>The Histories</i> ang mga kahariang napuntahan diumano niya, gaya ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babiloniya</a> at <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimeya" title="Krimeya" class="mw-redirect">Krimeya</a>, maging ang bayan ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily" class="mw-redirect">Sicily</a> sa <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-4" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Tinatayang aabot sa 31 antas ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahabaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahabaan (hindi pa naisusulat)">kahabaan</a> (longitude) at 24 antas ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agwat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agwat (hindi pa naisusulat)">agwat</a> (latitude) ang nilakbay ni Herodotus.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Ancient-2" title="">[3]</a></sup> Subalit, sinasabi ng mga mananaliksik na may mga pagkakaiba sa kanyang paglalarawan sa Babilonya at ang mga nahukay na <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebidensiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebidensiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebidensiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-5" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Hindi rin tiyak ang eksaktong taon ng kanyang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamatayan" title="Kamatayan">kamatayan</a>, na tinatayang nasa pagitan ng taong 429 at 413 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-6" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Subalit, sinasabing namalagi siya sa bayan ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thurii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thurii (hindi pa naisusulat)">Thurii</a> sa <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magna_Gr%C3%A6cia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magna Græcia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Magna Græcia</a> (ngayon ay bahagi ng Italya) hanggang sa kanyang huling hininga.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Ancient-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span><h2 style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: normal;font-family:verdana;"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-size:100%;">Estilo bilang mananalaysay</span></h2><span style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sinasabing hango sa estilo ni <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, na nagsulat ng mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awit" title="Awit" class="mw-redirect">awit</a> ukol sa mga bayani ng <i><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad" class="mw-redirect">Iliad</a></i> at <i><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey" class="mw-redirect">Odyssey</a></i>, ang paglalarawan ni Herodotus sa mga pangyayari sa paligid niya. Katulad dito ang paglilista ni Herodotus ng mga probinsyang kabilang sa Imperyo ng Persya at ng mga sundalong sumama sa ekspedisyon ni <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xerxes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerxes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Xerxes</a> patungong <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya">Gresya</a>, na maihahambing sa paglilista ni Homer ng mga bansang kabilang sa <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digmaang_Troyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaang Troyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaang Troyano</a>. May mga eksena rin diumano na kinopya si Herodotus mula sa mga akda ni Homer, kagaya ng pag-aagawan ng mga Persyano at <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispartano" title="Ispartano" class="mw-redirect">Ispartano</a> sa katawan ni <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonidas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leonidas</a>, na katulad ng isang eksena sa <i>Iliad</i> kung saan nag-agawan ang mga Griyego at Troyano sa katawan ni <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patroclus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patroclus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Patroclus</a>. Isang mahalagang impluwensya ni Homer sa estilo ni Herodotus ang paggamit ng mga "pagsikut-sikot" sa pagkuwento. Halimbawa dito ang pagsalaysay sa Ikalawang Aklat ng <i>The Histories</i>, kung saan balak salakayin ni Haring Cambyses ng Persya ang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto">Ehipto</a>. Kasunod dito ang mga talakayan tungkol sa mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyograpiya" title="Heyograpiya" class="mw-redirect">heyograpiya</a>, <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaugalian" title="Kaugalian">kaugalian</a>, at <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan">kasaysayan</a> ng sinaunang bansang ito, at babalik muli sa pagkuwento ng pagsalakay ng mga Persyano. Isa ring paghahalintulad sa mga estilo nina Homer at Herodotus ang pantay-pantay nilang pagtrato sa lahat ng mga tauhan sa kani-kanilang mga kuwento. <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayani" title="Bayani" class="mw-redirect">Bayani</a> man ang mga Griyego sa mga akda ni Homer, hindi naman <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontrabida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrabida (hindi pa naisusulat)">kontrabida</a> ang mga Troyano sa kanyang pagsasalaysay; gayundin sa pagtrato ni Herodotus sa mga Griyego at Persyano.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-7" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Ngunit may ilan ding mga pagkakaiba sa estilo nina Herodotus at Homer, lalo na pagdating sa <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasaliksik" title="Pagsasaliksik" class="mw-redirect">pagsasaliksik</a>. Kung ibinase ni Homer ang kanyang mga kuwento mula sa kanyang mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muse (hindi pa naisusulat)">musa</a>, hango naman ang mga salaysay ni Herodotus sa kanyang mga karanasan, paglalakbay, at palikom ng iba't ibang opinyon.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-8" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Nagbigay ng matitinding detalye si Herodotus sa mga kultura ng iba't ibang kaharian noong panahong iyon, ngunit hindi kapani-paniwala ang ilan dito katulad ng abilidad ng mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuri (hindi pa naisusulat)">Neuri</a> na magbagong-anyo bilang mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">aswang</a>. Kahit na ipinagmamalaki niya ang kanyang pagiging Griyego, hindi naman minaliit ni Herodotus ang kultura ng ibang bansa, na kaiba sa karaniwang trato ng mga Griyego sa mga "barbaro."<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_1-9" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Herodotus-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Marami ring impormasyon ang nasagap sa <i>The Histories</i> ukol sa mga kaugalian ng Ehipto noong panahong iyon at, sa kanyang palagay, kung papaanong "baligtad" ang gawain ng mga Ehipsiyo kumpara sa mga Griyego. Ibinigay niyang halimbawa ang pagsulat ng mga Ehipsiyo mula kanan pakaliwa na iba sa estilong kaliwa't pakanan ng mga Griyego.<sup id="cite_ref-Mnsu_0-3" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Mnsu-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Bukod kay Homer, sinasabing kumuha ng inspirasyon si Herodotus mula sa iba pang mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_epiko" title="Tulang epiko" class="mw-redirect">tulang epiko</a> noong panahong iyon gaya ng <i>Cypria</i> at <i>Epigoni</i>, maging sa mga akda nina Hesiod, Olen, Musaeus, Bacis, Lysistratus, Archilochus of Paros, Alcaeus, Sappho, Solon, Aesop, Aristeas of Proconnesus, Simonides of Ceos, Phrynichus, Aeschylus and Pindar. Sumipi rin siya mula kay Hecataeus, na tinaguriang isa sa mga pinakamagaling manunulat ng <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuluyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuluyan (hindi pa naisusulat)">tuluyan</a> noong panahon niya.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_2-3" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Ancient-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Hinihinala rin na hindi katutubong Griyego si Herodotus kung ibabase sa pangalang ng kanyang ama at tiyo, na malamang raw ay mga <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Karyano</a> (o Carians). Dahil sa kanyang diumano'y magkahalong lahi, sinasabing nagbigay si Herodotus ng pagsasalaysay ng mga kaharian sa paligid niya, kung saan base ito sa opinyon ng mga Griyego at mga "barbaro."<sup id="cite_ref-Lies_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#cite_note-Lies-3" title="">[4]</a></sup></span></p>Donna Florencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03866242092252888875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377094390777549935.post-72803111585099173212009-06-15T05:36:00.000-07:002009-06-15T05:37:27.582-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3cX9BCNETru4HsfBw1dw5tCN6Ltmp3ZWnLonPHghHHY0PUNMnMOuEZXtpKMXvpfOjXSrVzn0-vdjC_JVoJpotk6FU3B8feKhNZNhhDzQ7Tl-RAX-dgrXtZXKYsaqibha4__Hg4f02_VDT/s1600-h/7927e399c770a3d2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3cX9BCNETru4HsfBw1dw5tCN6Ltmp3ZWnLonPHghHHY0PUNMnMOuEZXtpKMXvpfOjXSrVzn0-vdjC_JVoJpotk6FU3B8feKhNZNhhDzQ7Tl-RAX-dgrXtZXKYsaqibha4__Hg4f02_VDT/s320/7927e399c770a3d2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347532376222037714" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Heograpiya</b> ang tawag sa agham ng mga lokasyon ng mundo. Nakapokus ito sa distribusyon ng likas na yaman at mga tao sa ibabaw ng lupa.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">Ang salitang <i>heograpiya</i> ay mula sa salitang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kastila" title="Wikang Kastila">Kastilang</a> <i>geografía</i>. Nag-ugat ito sa mga salitang <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Greek" title="Wikang Greek" class="mw-redirect">Griyegong</a> γη <i>g<u>i</u></i> (‘daigdig’) at γράφειν <i>gráfein</i> (‘isulat’ o ‘ilarawan’).</span></p>Donna Florencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03866242092252888875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377094390777549935.post-80409985538447324892009-06-15T05:33:00.000-07:002009-06-15T05:34:55.327-07:002nd Assignment in English II<h2 class="page-title">Basic Elements Of Communication</h2> <!-- start main content --> <p>Simply, we can define communication as “sharing of ideas or feelings with others.” Communication takes places when one person transmits information and understanding to another person. There is a communication when you respond or listen to someone. Movements of lips, the wave of hands or the wink of an eye may convey more meaning than even written or spoken words. The basic elements of communication process include communicator, communicatee, message, channel and feedback.</p> <p>- Communicator is the sender, speaker, issuer or writer, who intends to express or send out a message.</p> <p>- Communicatee is the receiver of the message for whom the communication is meant. The communicatee receives the information, order or message.</p> <p>- Message, which is also known as the subject matter of this process, i.e., the content of the letter, speech, order, information, idea, or suggestion.</p> <p>- Communication channel or the media through which the sender passes the information and understanding to the receiver. It acts as a connection between the communicator and the communicatee, i.e., the levels of communication or relationships that exist between different individuals or departments of an organization.</p> <p>- Feedback, which is essential to make communication, a successful one. It is the effect, reply or reaction of the information transmitted to the communicatee. </p> <p>Firstly, the communicator develops an exact idea about concepts, beliefs or data that he wants to convey. Then he translates the idea into words, symbols or some other form of message which he expects the receiver to understand. The communicator picks out an appropriate medium for transmitting the message. The message is then received by the communicatee. The communicatee acts upon the message as he has understood it. Finally, the effectualness of communication is assessed through response or feedback. If the communication brings in the desired changes in the actions, it is said to be successful communication.</p><p><br /></p><center><b><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-size:+2;">Barriers to Communication</span></span></b></center> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Physical (time, environment, comfort, needs, physical medium)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Cultural (ethnic, religious, and social differences)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Perceptional (viewing what is said from your own mindset)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Motivational (mental inertia)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Experiential (lack of similar experience)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Emotional (personal feelings at the moment)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Linguistic (different languages or vocabulary)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Non-verbal (non-word messages)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Competition (noise, doing other things besides listening)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Words (we assign a meaning to a word often because of culture -- note the difference in the meaning of "police" (contrast Berrien Springs versus Benton Harbor or any inner city perspective) or "boy" (contrast white male with black male perspectives)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Context (high / low)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Purpose (example: note the difference in communication between men versus women; for men it's report-talk versus rapport-talk or information versus bonding</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Mode (differences in way a message is sent). Note the black versus white modes:</span></li><table width="52%" border="0" cols="2"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:+1;"> Black</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:+1;">White</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:+1;">High keyed</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Argument</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Spontaneous</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Boasting</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Person Oriented</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:+1;"> Low keyed</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Discussion</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Controlled / Self-Restrained</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Understanding</span><br /> <span style="font-size:+1;">Task Oriented</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:+1;">Blacks perceive whites as detached, devious, impersonal, condescending, hypocritical, avoiding eye contact, and too silent</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:+1;">Whites perceive blacks as aggressive, over-emotional, angry, confrontational, interruptive, too personal, showboating</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></ul> <ul><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Gestures (misunderstood gestures are a major barrier see discussion on non-verbal language)</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Variations in language – accent, dialect</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Slang - jargon - colloquialism</span></li><li> <span style="font-size:+1;">Different forms or reasons for verbal interaction</span></li><ul><span style="font-size:+1;">Dueling – seeing who can get the upper hand (playing the dozens)</span><br /><span style="font-size:+1;">Repartee conversation – taking short turns rather than monologue</span><br /><span style="font-size:+1;">Ritual conversation – standard replies with little meaning to words themselves (i.e. most US greetings)</span><br /><span style="font-size:+1;">Self-disclosure. The level of self-disclosure is culturally determined. Not all cultures wish to give personal information; some want to do business without knowing the other person while others insist on full knowledge first.</span></ul></ul> <p><br /></p>Donna Florencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03866242092252888875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377094390777549935.post-38245223403281398382009-06-13T01:56:00.000-07:002009-06-13T02:00:21.322-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiORL8VxBkkKeiLzwvvnOCXR7eE_y4hLey6ghg_4DLuQ6_nOjSeLoVxzTyAMP5gzWxCbrntdt1ztQ7Xblw_Hr-Ua4Y0TZXifjtcYl-l11g3fXUWeOu3F48VQKYOE1vIm0Lbu5nxLMaaXV2c/s1600-h/yuN8-11p-1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 247px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiORL8VxBkkKeiLzwvvnOCXR7eE_y4hLey6ghg_4DLuQ6_nOjSeLoVxzTyAMP5gzWxCbrntdt1ztQ7Xblw_Hr-Ua4Y0TZXifjtcYl-l11g3fXUWeOu3F48VQKYOE1vIm0Lbu5nxLMaaXV2c/s320/yuN8-11p-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346733944453377874" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">SINO SILA?</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >In a grand ballroom party conducted by the Philippine Society of Colleges and Universities, the Chairman of the Board got curious in knowing what particular schools attended the big celebration. So he checked out the house where it was all happening. Guess who he found out and where he found them?</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />UP (Diliman) - everybody was lined up to the attic to have a fraternity ritual</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />UP (Los Banos) - they were in the garden mowing the lawn</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />UP (Manila) - they were into "masamang bisyo"</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />Ateneo University - they were inside the TV room with a microphone chanting the "BLUE EAGLE" spelling</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >La Salle - they were eavesdropping</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >St. Louis - they were in front of the air conditioner</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >UE - they don't know what's an air condition</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />UST - they were everywhere</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >FEU - they were nowhere<br /></span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >MLQU - sob! they were not invited</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >San Sebastian College - how the hell did they pass by security?</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >Letran - the Security</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />Mapua - they were fixing the leak in the roof</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />TIP - they were the ones who created the leak</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >NU - they were outside the house selling cigarettes</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >JRC - they were the ones buying</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />Adamson University- went to Luneta Park instead and was having a good time</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />Sta. Isabel College- joined in and were Adamson's dates</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />CRC - what the hell is this party for?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >PSBA - what the hell is CRC?</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />NCBA - what the hell is PSBA?</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >San Beda - some were beside the Ateneans while others where with Paulinians</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />St. Paul College- they thought they were with the Ateneans</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >La Consolacion - they wanted to be the Paulinians</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />Holy Spirit - they want the Paulinians</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >Miriam College- they were beside Ateneans . . . like always</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >Assumption - they were inside the bathroom three hours already since arriving</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><br />St. Scholastica - they were next in line</span><br /> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >CEU - some were doing the dishes while others were busy with the laundry</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" > </span>Donna Florencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03866242092252888875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377094390777549935.post-10096020491548070452009-06-12T19:42:00.000-07:002009-06-12T19:57:49.006-07:00School Vocabulary<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBsL8KwUb-Yfz5UVRweZ5W0TM2V0Hd_JTYRIBMz5Dspg9f4Wqvg7wVr8aFuaHAXpTQXhfAZIti8DPDRwQK75T41qZM5CnwbNebCDqY8fb2aDCDv3n-cIAWReAz_A1_MI614Qe5gRQ2atVs/s1600-h/7ccc0c9ca8cc5a264589fb2f333efed0.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBsL8KwUb-Yfz5UVRweZ5W0TM2V0Hd_JTYRIBMz5Dspg9f4Wqvg7wVr8aFuaHAXpTQXhfAZIti8DPDRwQK75T41qZM5CnwbNebCDqY8fb2aDCDv3n-cIAWReAz_A1_MI614Qe5gRQ2atVs/s320/7ccc0c9ca8cc5a264589fb2f333efed0.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346637804390203474" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">PRINCIPAL=The Leader of all things,kung ang students kontra sa teacher,ang teachers naman ang kontra sa principal.<br /><br />TEACHER=Bestfriend ng mga pasaway na estudyante,dahil sila ang lagi nitong pinagtutuunan ng pansin.<br /><br />ERASER=Throwable weapon in the classroom.<br /><br />SUSPENDED CLASSES=Independence day,tinawag itong independence day dahil ito ay isang kalayaan para sa mga estudyante.<br /><br />PROJECT=Deadline ng mga estudyante.patay ang grades pag walang projects.<br /><br />TEST PAPER=Papel ng kasinungalingan.<br /><br />REPORT CARD=Papel ng katotohanan.<br /><br />CLASS RECORD=Dito gumaganti ang mga teachers.<br /><br />EVALUATION SHEET=Dito gumaganti ang bawat students.<br /><br />CLINIC=Place for the best actress/actor.<br /><br />PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE=Place para sa mga taong gusto sumikat sa school.<br /><br />GATE=Daanan ng mga taong mangbobola.<br /><br />GUARD=Mga binobola ng mga estudyante.<br /><br /><br />SO YUN LANG PO SA NGAYON ANG MALALAGAY KO SA ATING MGA VOCABULARY.SA SUSUNOD NA POST NAMAN PO.PASING TABI PO SA MGA GURO DAHIL ITO'Y PARA LAMANG SA KASIYAHAN NG ATING MGA KABATAAN.<br /><br /><br /></span><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Doroy/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-6.jpg" alt="" />Donna Florencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03866242092252888875noreply@blogger.com0